The Prevalence and Influence of Circumstellar Material around Hydrogen-rich Supernova Progenitors

Rachel J. Bruch; Avishay Gal-Yam; Ofer Yaron; Ping Chen; Nora L. Strotjohann; Ido Irani; Erez Zimmerman; Steve Schulze; Yi Yang; Young Lo Kim; Mattia Bulla; Jesper Sollerman; Mickael Rigault; Eran Ofek; Maayane Soumagnac; Frank J. Masci; Christoffer Fremling; Daniel Perley; Jakob Nordin; S. Bradley Cenko; Niharika Sravan; S. Adams; Igor Adreoni; Eric C. Bellm; Nadia Blagorodnova; Kevin Burdge; Kishalay De; Richard G. Dekany; Suhail Dhawan; Andrew J. Drake; Dmitry A. Duev; Matthew Graham; Melissa L. Graham; Jacob Jencson; Emir Karamehmetoglu; Mansi M. Kasliwal; Shrinivas Kulkarni; A. A. Miller; James D. Neill; Thomas A. Prince; Reed Riddle; Benjamin Rusholme; Y. Sharma; Roger Smith; Anna Y.Q. Ho; Kirsty Taggart; Richard Walters; Lin Yan

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acd8be

The Prevalence and Influence of Circumstellar Material around Hydrogen-rich Supernova Progenitors

Rachel J. Bruch^*, Avishay Gal-Yam, Ofer Yaron, Ping Chen, Nora L. Strotjohann, Ido Irani, Erez Zimmerman, Steve Schulze, Yi Yang, Young Lo Kim, Mattia Bulla, Jesper Sollerman, Mickael Rigault, Eran Ofek, Maayane Soumagnac, Frank J. Masci, Christoffer Fremling, Daniel Perley, Jakob Nordin, S. Bradley CenkoNiharika Sravan, S. Adams, Igor Adreoni, Eric C. Bellm, Nadia Blagorodnova, Kevin Burdge, Kishalay De, Richard G. Dekany, Suhail Dhawan, Andrew J. Drake, Dmitry A. Duev, Matthew Graham, Melissa L. Graham, Jacob Jencson, Emir Karamehmetoglu, Mansi M. Kasliwal, Shrinivas Kulkarni, A. A. Miller, James D. Neill, Thomas A. Prince, Reed Riddle, Benjamin Rusholme, Y. Sharma, Roger Smith, Anna Y.Q. Ho, Kirsty Taggart, Richard Walters, Lin Yan

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

29 Citations (Scopus)

224 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

Narrow transient emission lines (flash-ionization features) in early supernova (SN) spectra trace the presence of circumstellar material (CSM) around the massive progenitor stars of core-collapse SNe. The lines disappear within days after the SN explosion, suggesting that this material is spatially confined, and originates from enhanced mass loss shortly (months to a few years) prior to the explosion. We performed a systematic survey of H-rich (Type II) SNe discovered within less than 2 days from the explosion during the first phase of the Zwicky Transient Facility survey (2018-2020), finding 30 events for which a first spectrum was obtained within <2 days from the explosion. The measured fraction of events showing flash-ionization features (>36% at the 95% confidence level) confirms that elevated mass loss in massive stars prior to SN explosion is common. We find that SNe II showing flash-ionization features are not significantly brighter, nor bluer, nor more slowly rising than those without. This implies that CSM interaction does not contribute significantly to their early continuum emission, and that the CSM is likely optically thin. We measured the persistence duration of flash-ionization emission and find that most SNe show flash features for ≈5 days. Rarer events, with persistence timescales >10 days, are brighter and rise longer, suggesting these may be intermediate between regular SNe II and strongly interacting SNe IIn.

Original language	English
Article number	119
Number of pages	23
Journal	Astrophysical Journal
Volume	952
Issue number	2
Early online date	21 Jul 2023
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acd8be
Publication status	Published - 1 Aug 2023

All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes

Astronomy and Astrophysics
Space and Planetary Science

Access to Document

10.3847/1538-4357/acd8beLicence: CC BY

agy_TheAstrophysicalJ_ThePrevalenceandInfluence_PV_2023Final published version, 6.57 MBLicence: CC BY

Cite this

Bruch, R. J., Gal-Yam, A., Yaron, O., Chen, P., Strotjohann, N. L., Irani, I., Zimmerman, E., Schulze, S., Yang, Y., Kim, Y. L., Bulla, M., Sollerman, J., Rigault, M., Ofek, E., Soumagnac, M., Masci, F. J., Fremling, C., Perley, D., Nordin, J., ... Yan, L. (2023). The Prevalence and Influence of Circumstellar Material around Hydrogen-rich Supernova Progenitors. Astrophysical Journal, 952(2), Article 119. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acd8be

@article{f3a92afed11444128c3ac3b257faece5,

title = "The Prevalence and Influence of Circumstellar Material around Hydrogen-rich Supernova Progenitors",

abstract = "Narrow transient emission lines (flash-ionization features) in early supernova (SN) spectra trace the presence of circumstellar material (CSM) around the massive progenitor stars of core-collapse SNe. The lines disappear within days after the SN explosion, suggesting that this material is spatially confined, and originates from enhanced mass loss shortly (months to a few years) prior to the explosion. We performed a systematic survey of H-rich (Type II) SNe discovered within less than 2 days from the explosion during the first phase of the Zwicky Transient Facility survey (2018-2020), finding 30 events for which a first spectrum was obtained within <2 days from the explosion. The measured fraction of events showing flash-ionization features (>36% at the 95% confidence level) confirms that elevated mass loss in massive stars prior to SN explosion is common. We find that SNe II showing flash-ionization features are not significantly brighter, nor bluer, nor more slowly rising than those without. This implies that CSM interaction does not contribute significantly to their early continuum emission, and that the CSM is likely optically thin. We measured the persistence duration of flash-ionization emission and find that most SNe show flash features for ≈5 days. Rarer events, with persistence timescales >10 days, are brighter and rise longer, suggesting these may be intermediate between regular SNe II and strongly interacting SNe IIn.",

author = "Bruch, {Rachel J.} and Avishay Gal-Yam and Ofer Yaron and Ping Chen and Strotjohann, {Nora L.} and Ido Irani and Erez Zimmerman and Steve Schulze and Yi Yang and Kim, {Young Lo} and Mattia Bulla and Jesper Sollerman and Mickael Rigault and Eran Ofek and Maayane Soumagnac and Masci, {Frank J.} and Christoffer Fremling and Daniel Perley and Jakob Nordin and Cenko, {S. Bradley} and Niharika Sravan and S. Adams and Igor Adreoni and Bellm, {Eric C.} and Nadia Blagorodnova and Kevin Burdge and Kishalay De and Dekany, {Richard G.} and Suhail Dhawan and Drake, {Andrew J.} and Duev, {Dmitry A.} and Matthew Graham and Graham, {Melissa L.} and Jacob Jencson and Emir Karamehmetoglu and Kasliwal, {Mansi M.} and Shrinivas Kulkarni and Miller, {A. A.} and Neill, {James D.} and Prince, {Thomas A.} and Reed Riddle and Benjamin Rusholme and Y. Sharma and Roger Smith and Ho, {Anna Y.Q.} and Kirsty Taggart and Richard Walters and Lin Yan",

year = "2023",

month = aug,

day = "1",

doi = "10.3847/1538-4357/acd8be",

language = "English",

volume = "952",

journal = "Astrophysical Journal",

issn = "0004-637X",

publisher = "Institute of Physics Publishing",

number = "2",

}

Bruch, RJ, Gal-Yam, A , Yaron, O , Chen, P, Strotjohann, NL, Irani, I, Zimmerman, E, Schulze, S, Yang, Y, Kim, YL, Bulla, M, Sollerman, J, Rigault, M, Ofek, E, Soumagnac, M, Masci, FJ, Fremling, C, Perley, D, Nordin, J, Cenko, SB, Sravan, N, Adams, S, Adreoni, I, Bellm, EC, Blagorodnova, N, Burdge, K, De, K, Dekany, RG, Dhawan, S, Drake, AJ, Duev, DA, Graham, M, Graham, ML, Jencson, J, Karamehmetoglu, E, Kasliwal, MM, Kulkarni, S, Miller, AA, Neill, JD, Prince, TA, Riddle, R, Rusholme, B, Sharma, Y, Smith, R, Ho, AYQ, Taggart, K, Walters, R & Yan, L 2023, 'The Prevalence and Influence of Circumstellar Material around Hydrogen-rich Supernova Progenitors', Astrophysical Journal, vol. 952, no. 2, 119. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acd8be

TY - JOUR

T1 - The Prevalence and Influence of Circumstellar Material around Hydrogen-rich Supernova Progenitors

AU - Bruch, Rachel J.

AU - Gal-Yam, Avishay

AU - Yaron, Ofer

AU - Chen, Ping

AU - Strotjohann, Nora L.

AU - Irani, Ido

AU - Zimmerman, Erez

AU - Schulze, Steve

AU - Yang, Yi

AU - Kim, Young Lo

AU - Bulla, Mattia

AU - Sollerman, Jesper

AU - Rigault, Mickael

AU - Ofek, Eran

AU - Soumagnac, Maayane

AU - Masci, Frank J.

AU - Fremling, Christoffer

AU - Perley, Daniel

AU - Nordin, Jakob

AU - Cenko, S. Bradley

AU - Sravan, Niharika

AU - Adams, S.

AU - Adreoni, Igor

AU - Bellm, Eric C.

AU - Blagorodnova, Nadia

AU - Burdge, Kevin

AU - De, Kishalay

AU - Dekany, Richard G.

AU - Dhawan, Suhail

AU - Drake, Andrew J.

AU - Duev, Dmitry A.

AU - Graham, Matthew

AU - Graham, Melissa L.

AU - Jencson, Jacob

AU - Karamehmetoglu, Emir

AU - Kasliwal, Mansi M.

AU - Kulkarni, Shrinivas

AU - Miller, A. A.

AU - Neill, James D.

AU - Prince, Thomas A.

AU - Riddle, Reed

AU - Rusholme, Benjamin

AU - Sharma, Y.

AU - Smith, Roger

AU - Ho, Anna Y.Q.

AU - Taggart, Kirsty

AU - Walters, Richard

AU - Yan, Lin

PY - 2023/8/1

Y1 - 2023/8/1

N2 - Narrow transient emission lines (flash-ionization features) in early supernova (SN) spectra trace the presence of circumstellar material (CSM) around the massive progenitor stars of core-collapse SNe. The lines disappear within days after the SN explosion, suggesting that this material is spatially confined, and originates from enhanced mass loss shortly (months to a few years) prior to the explosion. We performed a systematic survey of H-rich (Type II) SNe discovered within less than 2 days from the explosion during the first phase of the Zwicky Transient Facility survey (2018-2020), finding 30 events for which a first spectrum was obtained within <2 days from the explosion. The measured fraction of events showing flash-ionization features (>36% at the 95% confidence level) confirms that elevated mass loss in massive stars prior to SN explosion is common. We find that SNe II showing flash-ionization features are not significantly brighter, nor bluer, nor more slowly rising than those without. This implies that CSM interaction does not contribute significantly to their early continuum emission, and that the CSM is likely optically thin. We measured the persistence duration of flash-ionization emission and find that most SNe show flash features for ≈5 days. Rarer events, with persistence timescales >10 days, are brighter and rise longer, suggesting these may be intermediate between regular SNe II and strongly interacting SNe IIn.

AB - Narrow transient emission lines (flash-ionization features) in early supernova (SN) spectra trace the presence of circumstellar material (CSM) around the massive progenitor stars of core-collapse SNe. The lines disappear within days after the SN explosion, suggesting that this material is spatially confined, and originates from enhanced mass loss shortly (months to a few years) prior to the explosion. We performed a systematic survey of H-rich (Type II) SNe discovered within less than 2 days from the explosion during the first phase of the Zwicky Transient Facility survey (2018-2020), finding 30 events for which a first spectrum was obtained within <2 days from the explosion. The measured fraction of events showing flash-ionization features (>36% at the 95% confidence level) confirms that elevated mass loss in massive stars prior to SN explosion is common. We find that SNe II showing flash-ionization features are not significantly brighter, nor bluer, nor more slowly rising than those without. This implies that CSM interaction does not contribute significantly to their early continuum emission, and that the CSM is likely optically thin. We measured the persistence duration of flash-ionization emission and find that most SNe show flash features for ≈5 days. Rarer events, with persistence timescales >10 days, are brighter and rise longer, suggesting these may be intermediate between regular SNe II and strongly interacting SNe IIn.

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85166109292&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.3847/1538-4357/acd8be

DO - 10.3847/1538-4357/acd8be

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85166109292

SN - 0004-637X

VL - 952

JO - Astrophysical Journal

JF - Astrophysical Journal

IS - 2

M1 - 119

ER -

The Prevalence and Influence of Circumstellar Material around Hydrogen-rich Supernova Progenitors

Abstract

All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes

Access to Document

Other files and links

Fingerprint

Cite this